Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay Example For Students

Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs Essay The auteur debate was initiated by Jean-Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut, 2 key French New Wave directors.  Both Scorsese and Tarantino are considered by many to be auteurs, many film critics and others in the industry have stated that with films made by both these directors can be identified as theirs before being told so. This is a true auteur; someone who can make all their films along the same guidelines, and put their stamp on every scene of every film. They bring their character, thoughts, feelings and interests to their films, the films seen personal to the director. Tarantino is probably seen as the most famous auteur, most people, whether theyve watched his films or not, know he has a certain style of film making. In all his films Tarantino uses dark humor, for example he tries to make violence appear funny, he takes aspects from other films, whether this be a scene, a character, a storyline or a technique, music from the 1970s and a large amount of the same actors. We will write a custom essay on Tarantino and Scorsese considered auteurs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Tarantinos first major film that set him on to be an auteur was Reservoir Dogs made in 1992. Almost immediately, one of Tarantinos symbolic features is used, we see someone torturing someone else whilst making jokes, i.e. making violence seem funny, and dancing along to Stuck in the middle with you thus using seventies music and dark humor.  Reservoir Dogs, being the first of Tarantinos films, meant it is slightly different to lots of his other films, some aspects of it, although similar to his auteur styles in later films, are not quite so prominent, this could be because as a director starting out, he had to see how the audience would react to things such as his use of dark humor. If they liked this he could develop it further in later films, as we see he goes on to do. Another thing which is done in Reservoir Dogs, is Tarantino giving characters mysterious names, the characters are known by their surname for example Mr. White.  Tarantinos use of 1970s music is seen in all of his films, this aspect of his films tends to agree with the definition of him being an auteur. In Jackie Brown (1998) the beginning credits and sequence is accompanied by music from the 1970s. Pulp Fiction (1994) also has a large amount of music from the 1970s, throughout the whole film. Essentially the only music that is heard in all of Tarantinos films is from the 1970s. By doing this, Tarantino is making it easier for the audience to recognise that these films are in fact his. It is not just the music that Tarantino uses to make references to the 1970s. He, in fact, makes many references to the 1970s in his films, for example in Kill Bill (2002) the film starts with Our Feature Presentation written on screen, which was often used on films in cinemas in the 1970s. Another example of reference to the 1970s is in Kill Bill 2 (2004) Tarantino puts in a character called Pie May which is a direct reference to the martial arts character of 1970s films.  Tarantinos vast amount of 1970s references, are used because they represent Tarantinos views and personal likes as he grew up in the 1970s and identifies largely with things from this era. Something else which we see in most of not all of Tarantinos films is the use of feet. Tarantino himself had a thing for feet and so portrayed this in his films. For example in Jackie Brown in the sequence where we are introduced to Bridget Fondas character, Melanie, we see her feet first and often when she is talking the camera is focused largely on her feet. Also in Pulp Fiction, there is conversation about feet, as the two main characters, Vince and Jules are walking into the building at the beginning they talk about foot massages. .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postImageUrl , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:visited , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active { border:0!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:active , .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904 .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50236b095f9af4ee1c00c1fd1f72f904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Summary - The Help EssayTarantino often works with the same characters in his films, for example Samuel L Jackson appears in Jackie Brown, Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill 2. Also Uma Thurman appears in Pulp Fiction and both of the Kill Bill films.  Tarantinos films often involve long periods of dialogue which have no relevance to the film, but are used as to bring humor to the violence of his films. An example of this would be in Pulp Fiction, in the beginning Jules and Vince are in the car on their way to shoot someone, but are having a normal conversation about burgers. Tarantino also likes to play with graphics on screen, he often , uses captions on screen to show what is happening, or show the time it is when something happens, this happens in all of his films.  Another thing that is done by Tarantino is his invention of products, instead of using existing products and therefore using product placement, Tarantino likes to invent his own products to use, for example he invents the cereal we see in Kill Bill and the coffee we see in Pulp Fiction. One other thing that Tarantino often includes in his films, as that we see the same sequence but from a different perspective. This happens in Jackie Brown, when we see the women leaving the money in the changing room of a shop and it being picked up by someone else, twice but the perspective of two different people so are seeing two sides to the same story.  Tarantinos films are very different to the films of other directors in the way the narrative is structured, the types of storyline, the characters and the references in them. For this reason it is quite clear that Tarantino is a true auteur. Martin Scorsese is also considered an auteur, his films are all linked in some way or other and all have his signature over them. One film critic said of Scorsese Martys such an auteur; every frame of Raging Bull has his stamp on it. This is also said to be true of all of his films.  Martin Scorsese is hugely interested in the three themes of violence, religion and redemption; this can be seen in his films. The basic story line for each of the films is based around these themes.  Taxi driver (1976) is the story of a Manhattan Taxi driver, and his slow fall into insanity through a path of religion and violence. Travis is an insomniac living in New York; as a result of his insomnia he takes a job as night Taxi driver.

Derechos migratorios de padres de ciudadano de EE.UU.

Derechos migratorios de padres de ciudadano de EE.UU. En la actualidad, ser padre o madre de un ciudadano americano menor de 21 aà ±os no da lugar a ningà ºn derecho desde el punto de vista de las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos. La respuesta es muy clara y no admite lugar a interpretaciones. No hay derecho a quedarse en Estados Unidos por esta razà ³n ni tampoco a sacar  una visa por el mero hecho de ser el pap o la mam de un nià ±o o nià ±a que es estadounidense. Es otras palabras, no es suficiente tener un bebà © en Estados Unidos Unidos  para emigrar legalmente. Adems, dependiendo de los casos puede ser un problema para los padres que desean renovar sus visas de turista. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los distintos supuestos que pueden darse cuando unas personas extranjeras tiene un hijo que tiene ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. Quà © pasa si estando en Estados Unidos se tiene un hijo Si una mujer extranjera da a luz en Estados Unidos, su hijo es ciudadano de Estados Unidos salvo en el caso de que sea hijo de padre o madre diplomtico que est en el paà ­s en esa funcià ³n. La ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por nacimiento en el paà ­s, que tambià ©n se conoce como ius solii, se produce con independencia del estatus legal de los padres, en otras palabras, no importa si son indocumentados. En estos casos el bebà © tambià ©n adquiere la ciudadanà ­a.  Ni siquiera sirve para proteger frente a una posible deportacià ³n.   Pero lo que no pasar es que los padres puedan cambiar su estatus migratorio por razà ³n del nacimiento. Si son indocumentados, seguirn siendo indocumentados. Adems, para evitar perder la custodia de los nià ±os en caso de detencià ³n por estar indocumentado, es altamente recomendable explorar la posibilidad de hacer un  poder de representacià ³n  (power of attorney)  en previsià ³n de que se pueda dar esa circunstancia. Por otro lado, los padres del bebà © nacido en EE.UU. estn en el paà ­s legalmente con una visa temporal como, por ejemplo, de trabajo o de turista, debern conservar el visado para no perder su estatus y salir dentro del plazo autorizado para permanecer en el paà ­s. Padres que regresan a su paà ­s de origen con hijo nacido en EE.UU. El padre o la madre no tienen derecho a conseguir ningà ºn tipo de visado o de tarjeta de residencia por razà ³n del nià ±o. Pueden solicitarla, pero sà ³lo le ser concedida si reà ºnen por ellos mismos los requisitos para su obtencià ³n. En otras palabras, si por ejemplo, solicita un visado de turista, deber ser considerado elegible y admisible. En caso contrario la peticià ³n ser rechazada. Y asà ­ sucede con todas las visas. Por otro lado, el nià ±o que nacià ³ en Estados Unidos conserva su ciudadanà ­a aunque nunca regrese a vivir a su paà ­s de nacimiento, ya que esa no es causa para perder la nacionalidad americana. Si se desea solicitar un pasaporte para el menor o algà ºn tipo de documentacià ³n pueden pedirle un acta o certificado de nacimiento, que puede conseguirse desde el extranjero. Lo que sà ­ suceder es que de acuerdo a las leyes actuales, si el nià ±o nacido en Estados Unidos vive toda su vida en el extranjero entonces con el paso del tiempo no podr transmitirle su nacionalidad americana a sus propios hijos nacidos tambià ©n fuera de USA. Y es que para que pueda funcionar ese tipo de transmisià ³n derivada de la nacionalidad se requieren ciertos aà ±os de residencia en EE.UU., que varà ­an segà ºn se trate del padre o la madre y de si estn solteros o estn casados. Quà © pasa si el hijo es estadounidense aunque ha  nacido en el extranjero Hay casos en los que un nià ±o/a nacidos en el extranjero son estadounidenses y asà ­ consta en el Reporte Consular de Nacimientos en el Exterior. Si la ciudadanà ­a se da porque sà ³lo uno de los padres es estadounidense, el otro no puede reclamar ni una tarjeta de residencia ni una visa para los Estados Unidos argumentando que tiene un hijo americano. Sà ³lo puede obtener documentacià ³n para viajar de dos formas. En primer lugar, para emigrar definitivamente por medio de una green card, sà ³lo puede hacerlo si reà ºne por sà ­ mismo los requisitos para sacarla o si est casado con un estadounidense que le pide.   En segundo lugar, si es para viajar temporalmente a Estados Unidos, sà ³lo podr sacar una visa  no inmigrante tipo turista, estudiante, intercambio, trabajo, etc. si califica por sà ­ mismo y cumple con todos los requisitos. Quà © pasa cuando el hijo estadounidense cumple los 21 aà ±os de edad El ciudadano americano que es mayor de 21 aà ±os puede solicitar la tarjeta de residencia para sus padres. Si bien deben darse los siguientes requisitos: Vivir en Estados Unidos, ya que se trata de una visa para reunificacià ³n familiar.Tener ingresos para patrocinar suficientes.Firmar un affidavit of support o juramento de apoyo econà ³mico de sus padres.Adems, es necesario que el padre o la madre que quieren gozar de este beneficio no incurran en ninguna de las circunstancias por las que se puede rechazar una peticià ³n de tarjeta de residencia permanente. ​ Si el padre o la madre se encuentran ya en EE.UU e ingresaron ilegalmente al paà ­s entonces hay un problema grande ya que no puede ajustar el estatus.  En estos casos, antes de presentar los papeles es recomendable consultar con un abogado ya que en la mayorà ­a de los casos, en la prctica, no va a ser posible arreglar los papeles.   Pero como cada caso es à ºnico, tener en consideracià ³n que en ocasiones es posible pedir un perdà ³n provisional  por dureza extrema,  tambià ©n conocido como waiver y asà ­ sacar la green card, aunque seguirà ­a  siendo necesario viajar fuera de EE.UU. para una entrevista en el consulado. Caso de hijos abandonados o abusados por sus padres Si el hijo o la hija obtienen los papeles por medio del programa de Estatus Especial de Inmigrantes Juveniles (SIJ), los padres nunca jams podrn obtener beneficios migratorios por peticià ³n del ese hijo. Caso de hijo nacido en EE.UU y padres estaban en el paà ­s con visa temporal No es infrecuente que una mujer embarazada ingrese a Estados Unidos y dà © a luz a un bebà © que, por derecho de suelo, adquiere la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense. En estos casos es importante pagar los gastos del parto porque si no se hace, lo har Medicare, un programa del gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos. Hacer esto es considerado como carga  pà ºblica y, por lo tanto, causa para negar una visa o su renovacià ³n. A veces pasan aà ±os antes de que el problema se detecta, pero si el consulado o los agentes en el paso migratorio determinan que se tiene un hijo estadounidense y se sospecha que no se ha pagado por el gasto hospitalario entonces se puede negar la visa, cancelarla y, en el caso de estar en la frontera, prohibir el ingreso a Estados Unidos. Curiosidad sobre los apellidos hispanos en USA   Aunque en las à ºltimas dos dà ©cadas la migracià ³n ha llegado a niveles histà ³ricos realmente altos lo cierto es que a dà ­a de hoy la mayorà ­a de los hispanos son estadounidenses ya nacidos en el paà ­s.   Debido a los altos nà ºmeros de los flujos migratorios y de nacimientos, los latinos somos en la actualidad la mayor minorà ­a, habiendo pasado en nà ºmero a los afroamericanos. Una prueba de esta importancia demogrfica se encuentra en el censo, donde casi una veintena de apellidos latinos se encuentran entre los 100 primeros e incluso 2 estn en el top 10. Este es un artà ­culo meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Major Case Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D Study

Major Analysis Daughtery v. City of Maryland Heights, 231 S.W.3D 814 (MO. Banc 2007) - Case Study Example In his termination, the City of Maryland Heights maintained that he was not in a position to carry out some essential tasks of his job as he began to suffer from complications that occurred from the accident. He was provided with an option of taking an early disability retirement to avoid termination. However, upon refusal to exercise the option, the City of Maryland Heights terminated him. The physical problems experienced by Daugherty started shortly after he commenced working as an officer in Maryland heights after an accident caused by a drunken truck driver while on duty supervising an accident scene. The accident caused him serious back injuries that kept him from working for over twelve months. However, he later resumed his active duty. After approximately twelve years later, Daugherty was promoted to be a captain. Shortly after the promotion, Daugherty did not attend several months of work as a result of complications from his previous back injury. Later, in 2002, the City of Maryland Heights required that Daugherty should undergo an examination of his health status to determine if he was fit for his duty. The deputy Chief of the Police for the City of Maryland Heights created a memorandum to be used in the evaluation of Daugherty health status, emphasizing on what he believed to be essential for Daugherty’s job. The memorandum was created using both the City’s official description as well as the Deputy Chief’s personal beliefs about what was required of an employee in the position of Daugherty, many of which were very demanding than those listed in the in the official description. However, other officers in the department testified that the position of Daugherty was viewed as a supervisory position. Thus, it was highly unlikely that Daugherty would ever experience a situation that would require strenuous physical activity. The report provided by the physician stated that Daugherty was not able to perform any duty listed in the memo randum. Finally, the City of Maryland heights terminated Daugherty’s employment. Upon learning of the decision to terminate him, Daugherty made an appointment with his supervisor to discuss the decision. However, unknown the supervisor, Daugherty decided to make an audio recording of the conversation between him and the supervisor. In the conversation, the supervisor stated that the City of Maryland Height’s administrator had an intention of getting rid of employees over 55 years old since their salaries were very costly to the City. Daugherty received the right-to sue letter from the Missouri Commission of Human Rights and brought suit in the Circuit Court of St. Louis County. He alleged that his termination was as a result of his age and disability. Daugherty appealed to the Missouri Supreme Court that reversed the decision of the lower courts. The Laws violated in the case The legal backgrounds provided by the Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) render it unlawful for an employer to terminate an employee from employment because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, or national origin. Therefore, an employee who believes that the employer has violated the MHRA must file a complaint with the commission. Final verdict of the Court In the Daugherty v, City of Maryland Heights, case number 231 S.W 3D 814 (Mo. 2007) the Missouri Supreme Court acknowledged that the discrimination safeguards under the MHRA are not

Thesis on Nickel and Dimed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thesis on Nickel and Dimed - Essay Example In the one month, he worked fulltime, and he would live only off the amount he would earn in the low wage jobs. His main objective was to determine whether she would be able to live off the money earned. Whether the money would be enough to cater for other services such as rent. I have preferred using the book Nickel and Dimed because I have the same feeling towards low earning workers. As addressed, they experience hard working times in their place of their work. The low earnings earned put these workers in a situation where they are even unable to cater for basic wants such as food, clothing, and shelter. There are also uncertainties caused by unpredictable environment for working. The managers take advantage of low income earners, and they dispose them to cases of unexpected retrenchments and sackings. The managers also expect their workers especially the low qualified ones to work for extended hours, which are not even equivalent to their salaries. Some of the workers problems th ese low earning workers face gets to the extent of physical harassment by their employers (Ehrenreich 25). For example, working as a waiter, one should provide quality services, which will be appealing to the customers. The aim of the hotel owner is to provide quality services to customers so as to maintain a reputable image for hotel. However, managers have a challenge in the provision of these quality services as they also demand qualified manpower. Qualified manpower also comes hand in hand with the better payment. Managers have to employ low income earners as their resources are efficient to them. Most low income earners also do not have a problem in performing difficult and physically demanding tasks. In relation to Barbara Ehrenreich, she worked once worked as waitress where she had difficult as some of the tasks involved were physically demanding. Waiters also face problems in coping with some difficult situations in their working environment. In case of any loss or breakages of items, the workers have accountability of it. This discourages workers as some of the items destroyed are expensive and considering their low income they cannot afford. Another problem waiter faces are about the mode of communication used. Most of the low income earners are not well equipped with etiquette qualities required for efficient provision of these services. There is a language barrier where most of the low income earners travel in far countries, and may have a hard time learning the local language of their location. Language barrier discourage efficient communication among workers and also between the workers and management. In relation Ehrenreich, she finds a hard time relating with managers and usually has a hard time hence becoming a source of problems in her job. These inefficiencies the workers face make them not to have a working environment (Ehrenreich 58). When Ehreinreich is unable to cope with hotel jobs, she heads to Maine. She succeeds with nursing home job . In relation to this, low income earners also do not keep on one job for a long time because of prevailing problems. A low income worker is ready to work in any environment as he does not have any qualification in any job. Considering the increased number of nursing homes due to calamities caused by political instabilities in many countries, low income earners use that chance as a job opportunity. There in nursing homes

Case Study in Strategic Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In Strategic Management - Case Study Example In the beverage industry, both Coke and Pepsi have been able to achieve their annual growth in the revenue of around 10% due to the rise in the consumption steadily, year after year. In the industry, the profits that each of the companies, Coke and Pepsi depend on each other to come up with the profits as there is stiff competitions between them (Coke, 35). The consumptions of additional more gallons than the 52 per day also brought major profits in the beverage industry despite the challenges that the industries went through. There was also the coming up with several more alternative beverage that led to the consumption of more and more profit. Based on 2009 comparative cost for United States concentrate bottler and concentrate producers had a cumulative income of thirty two percent while bottlers recorder a net income of eight per cent. Cost of Goods Sold is 0.22 dollars per concentrate case and 2.67 dollars per bottle’s case. In the concentrate producers there was blending of raw materials ingredients, were packed in plastic canisters and the n were shipped through the containers to the bottler (Coke, 89). The difference in the profit comes with the difference in the making of the concentration with the concentrates making artificial sweetener while the regular bottlers added sugar or high fructose corn syrup. Some of the significant expenses include promotions, bottler support, promotions, and record research. The bottlers bought concentrate and added carbonated water and sweeteners, canned the final product and then delivered to stores. The concentrates have the plants costing 25 million dollars to the required 50 million to build. The low investment in the production has led to the low profit in the concentrates as compared to the other bottlers. Pepsi and Coke are the leading competitors in the CSD market. Coke was established in 1886

Sources Of Finance And Working Capital Management Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance And Working Capital Management Finance Essay In the financial context, the working capital management would include the management of debtors, creditors, stock, cash and bank account. This is a kind of short term financing as working capital management will cover current assets and current liability. It is one of the most important and time-consuming activities of the financial manager to ensure the solvency of the firm while attempting to maximize the firms value, there is a constant need to balance profitability and risk. Proper cash management plays an important part to meet permanent financing needs (pay creditors, pay taxes etc). few methods to ease the shortage of cash, such as postpone capital expenditure, negotiation with suppliers about the postpone or reduction of payment with extra caution as any in appropriate negotiation might hurt trading relationship. Furthermore, business can pay the creditor within the discount period so as to pay less to the vendor to enjoy discount, this is a kind of short term financing as it lower down the working capital. No any cost is carried with such kind of financing; business can enjoy higher profit but bear lesser risk. There are 3 basic financing strategies for working capital management to determine the appropriate mix of short-term and long term financing, which would consist of: the aggressive strategy, the conservative strategy and the moderate strategy. The aggressive strategy uses short-term funds to finance all of the firms seasonal and perhaps, a portion of its permanent needs, however, the cost and risk should be taken for consideration. Lower cost since short term financing cost is cheaper but higher risk as the net working capital is lowest. This may have difficulty in obtaining long term fund in an emergency when more financing is required. The conservative strategy uses long term fund to finance all of a firms projected needs and uses short terms funds only in emergencies. Higher cost is incurred since long term financing is more expensive and not needed all year long but low risk since net working capital is high, in addition, short term financing may be readily available in emergency. The moderate financing strategy is a compromise between the aggressive and conservative financing strategies. This result in a level of net working capital somewhat higher than that in aggressive strategy but lower than that of a conservative strategy. Question 2 There are different kind of financing sources which business can gather for its needs. There are four major types of financing such as government aid, business owners, borrowing from the bank and other way of borrowing. For short term financing, all kinds of business would like to borrow loan from the bank, industrial and financial institutions as HSBC (UK) help in promoting new companies, expanding and development of existing companies, providing underwriting facility, provision of local and foreign currency for the purchase of machinery. Commercial paper can be another type of financing which is an unsecured promissory notes issued by very large firms such as HSBC,GM as commercial paper is usually sold at a discount from its face value. Factoring and invoice discounting are the other 2 kinds of short term financing, which simply means that organisation get the advance cash by assign its debt or invoice to the factor, which normally can up to 80% of the value of debts or the amount of selected invoices. Business can through various forms to obtain the medium and long term financing such as debt financing, equity financing and others various forms. Debt financing is ideal for business as it is cheaper to use debt than other forms of financing because lender take lower risk than other long term contributors of capital, long term debts can be obtained through 2 ways: a term loan made by a financial institution such as HSBC which provides flexible business loan, repay over periods of 12 month to 15 years (10 years for fixed rate). The sale of bonds to institutional and individual investors, normally corporate bond are usually issued with maturities of between 5 to 30 years for raising large sum of money to meet its financing needs. Medium and long term financing are obtained through equity financing such as capital market and Initial public offering (IPO), through borrowing and selling shares, company can get much more cash which can be used for further development and other business opportunities. In addition, Listed company can also raise capital through issue right share which is relatively cheap and normally large amount of capital often be raised. Commercial mortgages offered by financial institutes would finance the business to buy freehold or long leasehold premise, for example: bank of Ireland offers flexible payment terms of up to 20 years with optimal repayments throughout the period of the loan. This would ease the tense of businesss medium and long term financing needs. Finally, a debenture is a long-term debt instrument which companies to obtain funds. A debenture is usually unsecured in the sense that there are no liens or pledges on specific assets. It is however, secured by all properties not otherwise pledged. This would satisfy corporate medium and long term financing needs. Question 3 Please refer to the appendix. (Excel format) Question 4 There is different tax liability applied for sole traders, partners and limited companies. For the sole traders, if he/she has any income from self-employment, then he/she should pay any Income Tax and National Insurance contributions due. This will depend on how much you earn from self-employment as he may have to pay Class 2 and Class 4 National Insurance contributions. Class 2 National Insurance contributions were charged at a flat rate, either by monthly Direct Debit or by quarterly bill. However, income Tax and Class 4 National Insurance contributions are based on sole traders profits from self-employment. There is several allowances for personal to claim, such as personal allowance, blind persons allowance, married couples allowance, maintenance payment relief, tax allowances and reliefs. Similar to sole trader, partners have to file an individual Self Assessment tax return. Moreover, partners have to fill in the partnership supplementary pages SA104. In addition, the nominated partner must also file a Partnership Return SA800 showing each partners share of the profits or losses. Supplementary pages might be included too, depending on what types of income the partnership has. The nominated partner is responsible for filing the partnership return but all partners will be jointly liable for any penalties, surcharges and interest if the return is late or inaccurate. Each partner is personally responsible for paying the tax and Class 4 National Insurance contributions due on their share of the partnership profits. Now comes to companies. From 1 April 2010, the corporate tax will be 28%, the taxation changes can be found in the appendix such as small companies tax rate is 21%. A non-resident company carrying on a trade in the UK through a permanent establishment located in the UK is liable to corporation tax on all income and gains attributable to that establishment. Corporation tax rates are fixed for each financial year ended 31 March. If the companys accounting period does not coincide with the financial year, its profits must be time-apportioned and the corporation tax rate is applied accordingly. Marginal relief applies to companies with profits between  £300,000 and  £1,500,000. The tax thresholds may be reduced where the UK Company has associated companies worldwide or an accounting period of less than 12 months. Large companies (broadly, those with profits taxed at 28%) are required to pay their tax to HM Revenue (HMRC) in instalments (generally in four equal instalments). The first payment is due six months and 14 days from the first day of the accounting period. There is a minimum limit which enables companies with an annual corporation tax liability of  £10,000 or less to avoid making such payments. For companies not required to pay their tax in instalments to HMRC, corporation tax is due for payment nine months and one day after the end of the companys accounting period Question 5 In the new tax incentive scheme, all business are eligible for the PIC( Productivity and Innovation Credit) for the year of assessment 2011 to 2015 if company invest in any one of following: Enhanced capital allowance or deduction for acquisition or leasing of prescribed automation equipment; Enhanced deduction of qualifying training expenditure; Enhanced writing-down allowance for acquisition of Intellectual Property Rights; Enhanced deduction of costs for registering certain Intellectual Property Rights; Enhanced deduction of qualifying research and development expenditure; and Enhanced deduction of qualifying design expenditure. Business can deduct up to 250% of their expenditure which incurred during these 5 years on each of these actitivities. Form the YA 2011 to 2012, a combined of 600,000 dollars of expenditure of each activity and 300,000 dollars of expenditure for YA 2013 to 2015 can be deducted from their income. In addition, businesses are eligible to convert up to $300,000 (but not less than $1,500) of the qualifying deductions for all six qualifying activities under the PIC   at a rate of 7% into a cash payout of up to $21,000 each year. This new scheme will promote business to invest most on machinery and train their employees to meet one national goal- more productive and innovative for the nation, for the worldwide competitiveness. For the new start up company, company can claim full tax exemption on the first 100,000 dollars of normal chargeable income and 50% for the next 200,000 dollars. This scheme will support local entrepreneurs and help local business grow as the starting of business is always difficult. Other common expenses or tax incentive companies can enjoy are: business expense, capital allowance, industrial building allowances, land intensification allowance, loss carry-back relief and unutilised losses, capital allowances and donations. Question 6 Problem 2 500,000=100,000+150,000+250,000 The payback period is 3 years. Year Cash Flow PV of Cash Flow Cumulative 0 -500,000 -500,000 -500,000 1 100,000 100,0000.9009=90090 -409910 2 150,000 150,0000.8116=121,740 -288170 3 250,000 250,0000.7312=182,800 -105,370 4 300,000 300,0000.6587=197,610 PV=FVx(PVIFn,11%) The discounted payback period=3+ 105,370/197610=3.53years Since 3 Problem 4 a) Year Cash Flow PV of Cash Flow 0 -225,000 -225000 1 75,000 75,0000.8547=64,102.5 2 125,000 125,0000.7305=91,312.5 3 200,000 200,0000.6244=124,880 (total)=280,295 PV=FVx(PVIFn,17%) NPV=280,295-225,000=55,295 b) PI= 280,295/225,000=1.26 c) The project should be accepted as a profitability index greater than 1 and there is consistent with a positive net present value, 1.26 indicates that company can earn the 17% of required rate of return, plus provide a net present value of $ 0.26 per $1.00 of net investment. Problem 6 Year Cash Flow PV of Cash Flow 0 -875,000 -875,000 1 400,000 400,0000.8850=354,000 2 500,000 500,0000.7831=391,550 3 600,000 600,0000.6931=415,860 Total=1,161,410 NPV= -875,000+400,000/(1+r)+500,000/(1+r)2+600,000/(1+r)3=0 IRR=30% Beginning Value=875,000 Terminal Value=354,000+391,550+600,000=1,345,550 So: MIRR=24% 24%>13% and 30%>13%, so we should accept the project. Question 7 There are several technique of financial appraisal, such as NPV, IRR,payback period, discounted payback period etc. Both NPV and IRR generate same accept/reject decision at given cost of capital but may rank project differently due to underlying assumptions such as NPV assumes cash flow are reinvested at the cost of capital( k is from funding), IRR assumes cash flow are reinvested at the internal rate of return itself( k is for project), thus the magnitude and timing of cash flows will affect the ranking of the projects. Theoretically, NPV is superiors than IRR as it assumes cash flow s are reinvested at the cost of capital which is more realistic than being able to reinvest at a higher rate( usually) in the IRR. Thus, NPV will be more effective to measure project prospect. There are a number of projects for which using IRR is not as effective as using NPV to discount cash flows. IRRs major limitation is also its greatest strength: it uses one single  discount rate to evaluate every investment. Practically, IRR is superior, as it is easier to understand, though more difficult to calculate as trial and error approach is used to find the IRR. The NPV method is inherently complex and requires assumptions at each stage discount rate, likelihood of receiving the cash payment, etc. The IRR method simplifies projects to a single number that management can use to determine whether or not a project is economically viable. The result is simple, but for any project that is long-term,  that has multiple cash flows at different discount rates, or that has uncertain cash flows in fact, for almost any project at all simple IRR isnt good for much more than  presentation value, therefore, IRR is less effective than the NPV. For payback period method, there are two main problems associated with it: It ignores any benefits that occur after the payback period and, therefore, does not measure profitability and ignores the time value of money. Whereas for discounted payback period method, it considers the time value of money and the riskiness of the projects cash flows (through the cost of capital) but no concrete decision criteria that indicate whether the investment increases the firms value and it requires an estimate of the cost of capital in order to calculate the payback and ignores cash flows beyond the discounted payback period. In general, each method has the certain extent of effectiveness on project prospect measurement. Question 8 a)Current ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities = 146,438,269/220,500,307 = 0.664 A ratio of 0.664 means that for every $1 owned by the firm, it has $0.664 of current assets that can be converted into cash to meet these debt obligation, so company can not cover its debt now. b) Quick ratio = (CurrentAssets-Inventory-Prepaid Expenses)/Current Liabilities = (146,438,269-59,716,920)/ 220,500,307 = 0.393 A ratio of 0.393 means that each dollars of short-term debt is backed by $0.393 of cash or near-cash assets. c) Inventory Turnover= Cost of Goods sold/Ending Inventory =333,027,693/59,716,920 =5.577 A ratio of 5.577 times means that during the year, on the average, the company sell its inventory 5.577 times. Number of days it takes to sell its stock are 365/5.577=65.4. d) Profit Margin =Gross Profit/Net Sales =65,423,180/1,254,805,671 =0.052 $1 net sales generate $0.052 towards covering operating expenses and the excess contribute to net profit. e) Return on assets =Net operating profit before interest/ending total assets = (44,815,036+41,737,790)/1,612,578,813 =0.054 Every $1 asset generates a profit of $0.054. f) Return on common stockholders equity = net profit after tax/ending ordinary stockholders equity = 44,815,036/516,770,461 =0.087 It means that every $1 invested by the ordinary stockholder earns a net profit of $0.087 g) Debt to total asset ratio =total liabilities/total asset =1,095,808,352/1,612,578,813 =0.680 It means that 68% of the total asset are finance by borrowing as the percentage of assets financed by creditors increases, the riskiness of the company increases. h) Times interest earned = (Net profit before deducting interesttax/interest expense = (44,815,036+41,737,790)/ 41,737,790 =2.074 It means that recurring income is 2.074 times of interest payment. i) Asset Turnover =revenue/total asset =1,254,805,671/1,612,578,813 =0.778 This means that companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, it indicates pricing strategy. This ratio is more useful for growth companies to check if in fact they are growing revenue in proportion to sales by 0.778 times. ( 2497 words)

Dorothy Richardson Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Though acknowledged by literary circles as the first writer to use the stream-of-consciousness technique in her writing, Dorothy Richardson is not as widely recognized as the founder of this style. Her mannerisms and thought processes were affected for the rest of her life by her upbringing in a poverty-stricken family. Brought into the world in 1873, Richardson was destined for stereotypical feminine occupations: a tutor-governess in Hanover and London, a secretary, and an assistant. Her mother’s suicide in 1895 completely broke up the family, only adding to the need for Richardson to find a means of supporting herself. Fortunately, Richardson became involved with the socialists in the area, as well with the people living in Bloomsbury, and soon after she abandoned her secretarial work. She became involved in translations and freelance journalism as an introduction to the bohemian lifestyle; from there she met and married Alan Odel, a much younger man who was somewhat of a cult figure in bohemia at the time, with his waist length hair he wore wrapped around his head. Throughout her lifetime, Richardson published a large number of essays, short stories, poems, as well as sketches. Most famous is her Pilgrimage series, a thirteen novel project that was the first in literature to employ what Richardson preferred to call â€Å"interior monologues.† Pointed Roofs was the first novel in the series and consequentially, the first to introduce such a style of writing. She presented the story with a sense of immediacy, rather than from a retrospective view. Instead of telling narratives in the sense that the realists did, Richardson let the current moment monopolize the literature so that the present could prevail over the past. It... ... Hanscombe, Gillian E. The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Athens: Ohio Universty P, 1983. Staley, Thomas F. Dorothy Richardson. Boston: Twayne, 1976. Winning, Joanne. The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson . Wisconsin Press. 21 Mar. 2004 . Related Links: Women of the Left Bank http://home.sprynet.com/~ditallop/homepage.htm Modernism: American Salons http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/ International Review of Modernism http://www.modernism.wsu.edu/ Eisenstein, Joyce, and the Gender Politics of English Literary Modernism http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/FINE/juhde/tiess931.htm â€Å"The Part Played by Women:† The Gender of Modernism at the Armory Show http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MUSEUM/Armory/gender.html