Writing and Hortatory Exposition

?APTER I. INTRODUCTIONA. ProblemDiscussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed.Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning) Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iterat Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea.B. Solving Problem Remember that is large enough a bout the paper about discussion text and expository text, so that the writer limits to discuss this paper below:1. What is definition of discussion text?2. What this general structure of discussion texts?3. What this Language feature of discussion texts?4. What is definition of expository texts?5. What is different between analytical exposition and hortatory exposition?C. Propose of Discussion 1. We can explain about discussion text2. We can define about structure of discussion text3. We can define about expository text4. We can differ between analytical exposition and hortatory expositionCAPTER IIDISCUSSION DISCUSSION TEXS AND EXPOSITORY TEXS A. DISCUSSION TEXS1. Definition and purpose of discussion texts Discussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking abo ut rather than blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Discussion texts generally make use of formal and impersonal language to demonstrate objectivity.They can sometimes combine other modes of communication (visual images, diagrams) with written text in order to present the range of viewpoints and the evidence for them. Discussion is not limited to controversial issues – although polarized views may make it easier to teach completing a for-and-against ‘skeleton’ to bring issues from another area of the curriculum into literacy learning). In contrast, critically evaluative responses to a text may lead to a discussion of subtleties within it. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision.2. Structure of discussion texts. There are four parts of discussion texts, such as:a. A statement of position supplying necessary background information. In this case, a discussion begins with a brief introduction describing the situation. This Introduction recognizes that there are two foints of view.b. Arguments for an supporting evidence. In this case, the next view paragraphs elaborate the arguments for the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people.c. Arguments against and supporting evidence. In this case, the next set of paragraphs describes the arguments against the issue, based on researching, surveying or interviewing people.Each paragraph should be clearly structured with a topic sentence supported by details. The supporting material could be reported speech reflecting comments. Specialist who has responded to the issue, or supporting evidence from research or surveys. Thinking and action verbs are used to persuasively establish and evaluate each argument.d. A Recommendation or conclusions. In this case, the discussion ended by presenting a personal point of view before concluding. A recommendation or conclusions sometimes sums up both side of the argument if they are fairly balanced or can recommend one arguments over the other if the evidence is overwhelming.3. Language feature of discussion texts. There some language features of discussion texts are often used but not always such as:a. Use of Simple present tenseb. Use of Generic participants. Example: people; scientists; smokersc. Use of Logical connectives to link argument.Example: therefore, howeverd. Use of general nouns to make specific statement Example: Machines, cars and many othere. Use of Emotive languagef. Use of relating verbs. Example: is,g. Use of thinking verbs that express a personal point of view. Example: consider, contemplateh. Use of conjunctions to link clauses. Example: but, and, while, when. And many others.i. Use of detailed noun group. Example:j. Use of varying degrees of certainty ( modality ) Example:k. Use of adverbs of manner. Example: honestly, badly and many others .l. Use of abstract and terminology.m. Use of saying verbs to quote.n. Use of quote and reported speech. Example: Mr white, when interviewed said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦o. Use of factual adjectivep. Use of adjective expressing an opinion Example: horrifying advantageq. Use of comparative adjective Example: significant, more significant, most significant From the language features above it’s easy for us to make or understand about discussion texts.4. Here some examples of discussion texts Convenience or Care? When something issued by someone, we say it has been consumed.We as consumers use many things, both natural and processed. We consume more of the Earth’s resources than other animals do and, as a result, we cause problems for the environment. Like all animals, we need clean air and water, food and shelter for survival. Unlike other animals, however, we have certain â€Å"want†. These are items that are not necessary for our survival, but that we want because they make our lives easier or more enjoyable. Environments claims that a great deal of waste is created by both the production and the consumption of these items or product. Disposable products, such a pens, take away food containers, plates, shavers and cutlery, are made using the Earth’s resources.When these products are thrown away, the resources are lost. Another example of waste is the unnecessary packaging on many products. The material is often not recycled and used again. Throwing thing away also increases pollution. The amount of disposable plastic litter that ends up in waterways is a serious problem. When this waste reaches the oceans, it can kill marine life. Industrialist counters these arguments with their own point of view. They claim that consumer’s expect to be able to purchase food which is attractively presented, prepackaged to extent its life and easy to store. In a busy society, convenience is a priority. Products which make life easier, era in demand.Indus trialist argues that they cater to this perceived need. Packaging is also big business and provides jobs for many people who might otherwise be unemployed and a burden to society. Environmentalist declares that for thousands of year, people survived perfectly well with re-usable products. However, people of the twenty-first century have become used to wing in a ‘thrown-away’ society. It is up to each one of us to dispose of waste products carefully, recycle as much as possible and to reduce the stress on our environment. Think when buying pre-packaged goods and consider whether the same products can be bought without the extra wrappings. Let’s make the best of what we have.5. EXPOSITORY TEXTExpository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schoo ls, high schools, colleges and universities. A well-written exposition remains focused on its topic and lists events in chronological order.There are two kinds of expository texts, such as: 1. Analytical Exposition TextA. Definitions Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about phenomenon surrounding.Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter or to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. Analytical exposition is one of classified type and to present arguments for supporting the issued thesis, analytical will end with a re-iteration. And also will try to influence the reader by presenting some argument to prove that the writer’ idea is important.B. General structure of Analytical Exposition This places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic structure, what make big different isa)Thesis is introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position, it’s mean that p re-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.b)Argument 1 is explaining the argument to support the writer’s position, it’s presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before.c)Argument 2 is explaining the other arguments the writer’s position.d)Reiteration is restating the writer’s position, the end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It’s something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments.C. Significant Lexica grammatical Featuresa)Use of simple present tenseb)Use of relational processesc)Use of internal conjunction to state argumentd)Reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization.D. Example of analytical exposition Is smoking well for us?Before we are going to smoke, it is better to loo k at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking. Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater.Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smoking are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers. Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes. Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else. From the example above, we can determin e that in this pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. The writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit. In the paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who don’t smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for cigarette companies. 2. Expository Hortatory Exposition.a.Definition of hortatory exposition Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of writer to have the addressee do someth ing or act in certain way, and also hortatory will try to persuade the reader how should or not do concerning the writer’s idea.b. General structure of hortatory expositionThere are three structure of Hortatory Exposition such as:a)Thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end it can be true or false.b)Arguments is the phase which thy to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true.c)Recommendation, this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text.This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition. c. Language Feature of Hortatory Expositiona)Focusing on the writerb)Using abstract noun are policy, advantage many other.c)Using action verbd)Using thinking verbe)Using modal adverb are certainly, surely and many other.f)Using temporal connective words are like important, valuable, and trustworthy and many others.g)Using passive voiceh)Using simple present tense.d. Example of Ho rtatory Exposition Why Should Wearing a Helmet When Motorcycling We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people talking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider’s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles. Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to other, it means a lot of and important.By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, Shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road. However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it property. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without setting them property. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort. From the example of above, we can understand that in the first paragraph is thesis. the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph†. The second paragraph is argumentative because of wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in imaging self form of argumentative. The last paragraph is form of recommendation, we can know from bikers should wear hel met property to get the benefit. ?CAPTER III CONCLUTIONDiscussion text is discuss about problem or issue with give two viewpoint from those issue and also give conclusions or recommendation from issue that was pointed. The purpose of this texts is to discussion presents differing opinion, viewpoint or perspectives on an issue, enabling the leader to explore different ideas before making an informed decision.Expository text is a type of writing where the purpose is to inform, describe, explain, or define the author's subject to the reader. Expository text is meant to deposit information and is the most frequently used type of writing by students in elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges and universities. Analytical exposition is one classified type as hortatory exposition in text genre. Both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition present arguments for supporting the issued thesis. What makes them different from one to each other is the last stage of the te xt, which the analytical exposition will end with a re-iteration. In the other hand, hortatory will close the essay with a recommendation.

Royal Government of Cambodias Efforts to Achieve

In September 2000, all 189 member provinces of the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration, since the universe leaders agreed to put a time-bound mark, 2015, to accomplish eight ends for battling utmost poorness, hungriness, diseases, illiteracy, environment debasement and favoritism against adult females. The eight ends are: ( 1 ) End poorness and hungriness, ( 2 ) Universal instruction, ( 3 ) Gender equality, ( 4 ) Child wellness, ( 5 ) Maternal wellness, ( 6 ) Combat HIV/AIDS, ( 7 ) Environmental sustainability, and ( 8 ) Global partnership. These ends are now best known as the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Following this United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, Cambodia developed its ain set of MDGs called Cambodia Millennium Development Goals ( CMDGs ) , concentrating on poorness relief and human development. The Royal Government of Cambodia ( RGC ) is steadfastly committed to rush up its national advancement in order to run into the planeta ry ends and marks. After January 7, 1979, Cambodia initiated a steady procedure of development that has produced important advancement over the old ages. To do the accomplishment of the MDGs a world for all Cambodians, the RGC has been strongly committed to speed up more attempts, guarantee greater leading for consequences at all degrees of society, promote trusted partnership in development, enhance external development resources mobilisation, and guarantee effectivity of the usage of development resources since The General Election 1993. All development stakeholders in Cambodia, including representatives of authorities, civil society administrations, the private sector, and the external development spouses ( EDPs ) have been encouraged to work together with the RGC that has been moving as a leader, coordinator and facilitator so far toward its ain MDGs, CMDGs. Cambodia has nine Millennium Development Goals: ( 1 ) Eradicate utmost poorness and hungriness, ( 2 ) Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction, ( 3 ) Promote gender equality and empower adult females, ( 4 ) Reduce kid mortality, ( 5 ) Improve maternal wellness, ( 6 ) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ( 7 ) Ensure environmental sustainability, ( 8 ) Forge a planetary partnership for development, and ( 9 ) De-mining, explosive leftovers of war, and victim aid[ 1 ]. Since Cambodia has been a post-war state, attempt in cleaning land countries affected by mines and explosive leftover of war has been a long-run development docket of the RGC. In this respect, the RGC has adopted the â€Å" De-mining † as its ain Millennium Development Goal, CMDG-9 in add-on to the eight original planetary ends. As this paper focuses on MDG-2 and CMDG-2, three relevant facets need to be closely examined: major current policies and programmes lending to CMDG-2, cardinal challenges for run intoing CMDG-2 marks, model for run intoing the key challenges and making CMDG-2 marks, which will be discussed in item in the following subdivisions.Development Context in CambodiaThe wide aim of this chapter is to briefly discourse the last-four-decade development state of affairss in Cambodia happening in such an environment that this state had undergone its really distinguishable historical period of re-building and developing a society from the beginning of 1979 when the state rose once more from about four old ages of about entire devastation of societal and economic establishments and decimation of work force. Given this alone historical background of doing attempts to re-build and develop such a post-conflict society, it is of import to look at the development context in Cambodia in three distinguishable periods. The first was from 1979 when it emerged from about four old ages of genocidal government. Everything had to get down from abrasion, from below land nothing. The 2nd was from 1993 to 1997, when in mid-1997, the state was all of a sudden troubled by two unrelated crisis, viz. externally the East Asia economic crisis and internally the sudden political divisions and breaks, both happening about at the same time. The 3rd has started from 1998, with the formation of the 2nd RGC, until now, a period of peace, stableness and uninterrupted growing and advancement. Since 1998, Cambodia ‘s image has been unusually altering. It is now indispensable to uncover the state of affairss of socio-economic development procedure in Cambodia by manner of showing a wide overview of major accompl ishments and major facets of deficits and future challenges. Major accomplishments and developments since 1998 include the undermentioned. The betterment of political stableness, security, and peace by the authorities based on a steadfast foundation of the broad multi-party democracy. The respectful for human rights and self-respect has been strengthened. The authorities besides enhanced the good administration through province reform and judicial reforms and armed forces reforms. While the authorities is keeping low rising prices and a stable exchange rate, macroeconomic stableness and dual digit economic growing has been ensured. Furthermore, bettering agricultural productiveness, building a rural economic base, and turning the industrial sector are what the authorities has been strengthened in order to do national economic system become more competitory. Besides, the services sector has besides expanded quickly by promoting the private sector, so that both economic and fiscal sectors will be more developed. The irrigation, energy and teleco mmunication substructure has improved significantly. In add-on, concentrating on betterment of the instruction and wellness sectors are the mark of beef uping institutional and human resource capacity by the authorities. Last but non least, the authorities has boosted partnership with all stakeholders, peculiarly, private sector, and official development spouses. Deficits and future challenges include the undermentioned major facets. These important advancements still remain as challenges and have non to the full react to the existent demand of the people. The jurisprudence enforcement is still need to better every bit good as the bench. Furthermore, planetary economic instability and fiscal crisis has lag planetary economic every bit good as Cambodia since it increases in oil monetary value and nutrient monetary value, besides depreciation of US dollar. Furthermore, although poorness rate has significantly reduced through high economic growing, the rural poorness rate remains high. Besides, authorities besides needs to guarantee traffic safety and good preservation of the route web across the state. Further development of air power substructure, including betterment of airdromes in the whole state and flight safety, still continues to be a significance undertaking to develop the touristry. Electricity in rural countries is still limited, and its duty remains high compared to neighboring states, and is a large trouble in beef uping the fight. Additionally, a societal job which harms public assistance of the Cambodia young person is the production and trafficking of illegal drugs. Promoting wellness attention services and clean H2O in rural countries needs to be fixing in order to run into the marks set in the Millennium Development Goals. Furthermore, the major factors that handicap adult females from lending to socio-economic development are the human trafficking, and deficiency of instruction.Current Status of Achieving CMDG-2This chapter will reflect the current state of affairs of Cambodia ‘s attempts in accomplishing the Cambodia Millennium Development Goal 2 ( CMDG-2 ) by showing the advancement made so far in doing certain that all Kampuchean kids are able to finish a full class of primary schooling and the challenges in drawing off the marks set under this end. As all the nine ends of the CMDGs had been structured in such a manner that each end contains overall marks and specific marks, it is of import to larn about the inside informations of the CMDG-2. The CMDG-2 contains two overall marks, overall mark 1 is to guarantee all kids complete primary schooling by 2010 and nine-year basic schooling by 2015, and the overall mark 2 is to extinguish gender disparity in nine-year basic instruction by 2010.[ 2 ] First of wholly, the overall mark 1 is to guarantee all kids complete primary schooling by 2010 and nine-year basic schooling by 2015. The RGC have made singular stairss over the past nine old ages in bettering entree to instruction. This primary instruction advancement is attributed to a big enlargement of school substructure, the preparation and deployment of instructors, concentrating on distant countries, guaranting entry of 6 old ages old in primary school and the decrease in parental cost barriers. Besides, the lower secondary school is besides low, and it is chiefly because of two grounds, the slow advancement of flow rates in primary schools and the high degree of bead out in lower secondary schools. Furthermore, it will non be affected well until the internal efficiency in primary instruction is significantly improved. All in all, the chief current challenges are to better the primary flow rates every bit good as entree and passage rates to take down secondary school, which are related to the instruction quality issue. Consequently, there must be the focal point over the following six twelvemonth since the recent rates of lower secondary school advancement is about 53 per cent[ 3 ]. Second, the overall mark 2 is to extinguish gender disparity in nine-year basic instruction by 2010. Equality and non-discrimination are of import facets of the right to instruction. Gender inequalities in primary and lower secondary instruction have been eliminated. They have been reversed perchance as a consequence of a policy of supplying scholarship to hapless misss in classs 7 to 9 in the instance of lower secondary school. This noteworthy consequence was besides accomplished by a systematic focal point on preparation and using female instructors which make the per centum of female instructors at primary degree has reached 46 per cent of the sum in 2009 and 2010[ 4 ]. In decision, the chief challenge of the overall mark 2 is to do the equality between male childs and misss, so that the figure of pupils will be increased. There are some cardinal elements that have contributed to cover with the tremendous staying challenges in the instruction sector. First, the usage of a Sector Wide Approach has provided a mechanism for back uping development cooperation aid with the demands of the instruction sector. Second, many instruction plans was effectual in cut downing repeat and drop-out rates, increasing publicity rate and school attending in Grade, every bit good as bettering the quality of instruction and schoolroom environment. Last, the enlargement of lower secondary schools and a multi-grade instruction plan is the manner to procure full coverage in all communes and the decrease of uncomplete primary schools. It can be by and large concluded that guaranting just entree to instruction for all and beef uping the quality of instruction have been and remain high precedences that are to be realised by the Royal Government Cambodia.IV. Key challenges for run intoing cmdg-2 marks and major current schemes to turn to the cardinal challenges and make cmdg-2 marksThis chapter will discourse cardinal challenges faced by the RGC and its Development Partners in run intoing CMDG-2 marks and the RGC ‘s policy model to turn to the cardinal challenges and to make CMDG-2 marks. 4.1 Cardinal Challenges: Although important advancement, as reflected in the old subdivision, has been made, it is logically argued that the following two major facets in the instruction sector represent critical challenges for run intoing CMDG-2 marks: First, there is a demand to guarantee just entree to instruction services by constructing schools every bit near as possible to abodes, cut downing the figure of uncomplete primary schools, increasing operational budgets to schools, increasing the supply of instructors, supplying houses to instructors and edifice residence halls for pupils in deprived countries, particularly misss. Access shall besides be expanded for kids in early childhood instruction, every bit good as those with disablements and those from minority groups. Ensuring community or private battle in this procedure is a cardinal for long-run success. Second, it is critically of import to better the quality and efficiency of instruction services by increasing the proviso of school instructional stuffs, libraries and research labs, go oning to further develop the course of study, increasing acquisition hours and supplying scholarships ( hard currency and nutrient ) to hapless pupils, heightening instruction and direction capacities, bettering schools ‘ environment ( supply of clean H2O and latrines ) , spread outing vocational orientation, increasing review of disposal, finance and educational quality confidence. It is besides indispensable to better developing systems for instructors and direction staff and to associate them with calling waies and publicity with the purpose of heightening their motive. 4.2 Priority Schemes: To guarantee just entree to instruction services, the following strategic actions need to be put in topographic point. First, to spread out entree to early childhood instruction plans for 3 to under 6 twelvemonth olds aimed on those communes with low net admittance rates and high repeat rates in primary schools. Second, to guarantee entry of all 6 twelvemonth olds into primary school including marginalized groups such as kids with disablements, cultural minorities, and so on. Third, to cut down parental cost barriers of all facets such as informal payments and increase the figure of scholarships for pupils from hapless households, particularly misss to guarantee their entree to primary and secondary schools. Fourth, to supply proficient and vocational instruction, life-skill instruction and vocational orientation in general schools. Fifth, promote partnerships between the public and private sectors and development spouses to increase support for the proviso of local life accomplishme nts and vocational preparation and basic/required professional accomplishments responsive to the demands of the societal and labour market. Sixth, to guarantee the rationalisation of the Numberss of educational staff in distant countries. Seventh, to go on the proviso of new schools and community acquisition centres or extra installations to incomplete primary schools. Eighth, to heighten parent or community engagement in all phases of schooling, particularly by commune councils. To better the quality and efficiency of instruction services, the following prioritized actions need to transport out. First, to cut down repeat and drop-out rates at all classs. Second, to better the quality of instruction, larning and research at all degrees nationally. Third, to implement the new course of study policy, including the primary and lower secondary instruction which focal point on the figure of learning hours. Fourth, to better instructor ‘s preparation and increase service wage and inducements linked to teacher public presentation and criterions. Fifth, to increase public fiscal answerability and educational establishments ‘ duty sing operational budgets and determinations on plans. Sixth, to increase transparence and better public presentation monitoring and answerability of instructors, schools and higher instruction establishments. Seventh, to better the quality and efficiency of proficient and vocational instruction, life accomplishment instruction an d vocational orientation. Eighth, to better the quality and efficiency of physical instruction and athletics plans and school wellness. Last but non least, to increase the quality and efficiency of young person development plans taking to socio-economic development.V. ConclusionIt can be logically concluded that in order to successfully make the CMDG-2 marks, the RGC ‘s should guarantee that all Kampuchean kids and young person have equal chance for entree to both formal and informal basic instruction, without favoritism. Equally of import, the execution of those schemes need to be followed to make a civilization of freedom, peace, regard for human rights, democracy and justness every bit good as a civilization of avoiding force, forestalling drug usage, kid and adult females trafficking and eschewing societal favoritism. More attending shall be paid to better the quality of instruction by promoting instructors every bit good as outstanding pupils, upgrading learning methodolo gical analysiss, bettering plan, schoolroom conditions and larning stuffs, and making libraries and research labs. To guarantee just chance, the authorities should set up residence halls for pupils, particularly female pupils, increase scholarship for hapless pupils, and construct schools for all degrees in the metropolis every bit good as rural and distant countries. As good, preparation of qualified instructors in equal Numberss need to transport out in an effectual mode and teacher deployment policy shall be implemented expeditiously. The partnership between authorities and private sector and development spouse communities like external development spouses and civil society organisations need to be strengthened in order to better the quality of instruction sector by seting more accent on a participatory attack in the development of any possible schemes that will efficaciously response to labour market demands and to the state ‘s development demands. The authorities besides needs to turn informal instruction through literacy and vocational plans, and make learning centres of equity plans. In a broader socio-economic development context, it can be argued that to run into all CMDGs marks in general and CMDG-2 marks in peculiar would be constrained by the uncertainnesss in the planetary fiscal markets and the timing of economic recovery in advanced economic systems, the increased incidences of natural catastrophe caused by planetary clime alteration, and epidemic, which has serious deductions for the state ‘s attempts in raising up the well-being of all Cambodians. Therefore, to react to ongoing and emerging challenges caused by alterations in external environment and to convey about effectual results will necessitate periodic accommodations of allotments of both domestic and external development resources that are globally limited in order to guarantee that these resources are better aligned to national development precedences.

Manufacture and Marketing of a New Computer Essay

Manufacture and Marketing of a New Computer - Essay Example The time period for each activity is estimated based on available data. A network model is established to show the relationship among the activities which will be used in computing for the critical path. The critical path is computed by means of the Critical Path Method (CPM). CPM is important because it determines the critical and noncritical activities which will be helpful in project planning and management (Hillier 417). As shown in Diagram 1, product benchmarking comes first because, in order to come up with a good design, the company should first analyze the attributes of the existing computer products in the market. From the data that will be gathered, software and hardware design should be done next. The detailed drawing should be done after all the designs are made in order to set the appropriate dimensions and features of the computer that will be manufactured. Preparation of the prototype and marketing plan can be done at the same time because they deal with different aspects of the product and may not affect the performance of each other for the entire project duration. Lastly, technical manuals should only be done after testing the product to ensure that the manual will be correct and will be based on the product’s true function and attributes. The duration of the critical path determines the total duration of the entire project. Based on Table 1, the project will be completed in 270 working days. Therefore in order to complete the project on January 19, 2009, the project should be started on December 26, 2007. Working days exclude weekends and legal federal holidays. All the critical activities are shaded in Table 1. This means that these activities are the most important tasks in the project and therefore must be done on schedule. Noncritical activities are designing software, developing a marketing plan, training of sales representatives and advertising.  

Social work Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social work - Personal Statement Example My discussion topics slowly by slowly changed and all my talk began to be around the issues that the society encounters. The quest to serve brought a lot of detachment from friends and family. At times I encountered very moving issues that I kept thinking about till late in the night, losing sleep in the process. As a result, the level of productivity began to dwindle. This was enough evidence of leading a stressed life. To counter this, I found it necessary to separate personal life from work related issues. This was made possible by adhering to work schedule and exiting work when time was up. At first it felt like I was neglecting some needy members of the society but with time I adjusted. Creating time for family and friends also helped to separate work from personal life and increase productivity. According to Kossek & Lautsch (2008), creating a proper work-life balance increases the overall productivity of workers. Having many friends is always something that many people want and crave for. Having that one friend who you can rely on at all times is even more important. As a social worker in a relationship, I have always had someone with whom I can share challenging issues. This has been an added advantage and a way to prevent accumulation of stress. According to Merelo GuervoÃŒ s (2002), sharing disturbing issues with someone who is ready to listen prevents the possibility of the issues to be stressful. Sharing problems is to some extent a way of solving problems. This relationship has aided the performance at work, since it helps to develop a feeling that there is someone who trusts in you and one who can always be there to help whenever faced with challenges. As much as having many friends has a lot of benefits, it also has its negative implications. This is especially where some friends are out to take advantage of

Lease and licence problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lease and licence problem question - Essay Example Currently, Jeffrey has found himself with financial constrains, over and above, his marriage being under increased strain. He thinks of selling the property and moving away for sometimes. Two weeks ago, while his wife was away visiting his elderly mother and Peter was on a business trip in America, he found a buyer, David Matthews who was prepared to offer cash for quick sale. A licence is a contractual right to use a property particularly land that would otherwise be illegal. Conversely, a lease is an interest of land that is given by the lesser to a lessee for a defined period of time while granting exclusive possession. In light of this, it is clear that Jeffrey has the legal rights over the property at Georgetown, and hence has title to the property. Needless to mention, Jeffrey is among the people who have indefeasibility of title. According to property law, this means that Jeffrey is included in the title as the owner who has an indefeasible or unquestionable title of the property. Besides, the state guarantees the correctness of the information contained on the title and is, therefore, liable to provide compensation under assurance fund. Thus, legal interests are solely concerned with ownership of property as in the case of Jeffrey who has control that is associated with the ownership.1 With this regard, it is entirely challenging for his wife Alic e to claim any legal right for the property even though she is married to him. The fact that Alice moved into the property in 2005, and has continually spent a considerable amount of her savings in renovating the property to an extent of converting the top floor into an apartment, which Jeffrey later leases out to Peter, a businessman for five years, a situation that does not recognise her as an exclusive or shared possessor. Simply, Alice could only be recognised by Law, only if she was registered as one with ‘equitable interest’ to the property. This way

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel Essay

What is Hegel's critique of Kant in Reason as Testing Laws Is Hegel fair to Kant - Essay Example For Kant the categorical imperative is important mainly because it "determines the will independently of the sensuous motives of which ordinary moral deliberation is suspect."2 Therefore for him there is a marked difference between acting honestly for ones own sake and acting honestly with the belief that truth is a "universal requirement" the latter of which relates to categorical imperative.3 For Kant duty requires more than the universal form of action and he brings out these ideas and notions of the categorical imperative which Kant claims are "merely so many formulations of precisely the same law."Also for him the categorical imperative contains an end which functions as the single limiting condition of moral action. 4 Thus in his book the Formula of the End, Kant says "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end" Kant goes on to clarify further that if humans are to be treated as "ends in themselves" then each individual should be allowed to choose their own ends at the same time. Furthermore he claims that misleading someone (by lying to them) for a particular Design is the way of using that other person as means rather than an end. Therefore the assertion not to treat humanity as a means but an end, i.e. when they choose to help you themselves. Hegel's criticism of Kant Hegel has made some interesting criticisms of the emptiness that seems to surround the Categorical Imperative when he says that "The criterion of law which Reason possesses within itself, fits every case equally well, and is thus in fact no criterion at all."5 However in the... What is Hegel's critique of Kant in "Reason as Testing Laws† Is Hegel fair to Kant? For Hegel this idea is fruitless in many respects as he thinks that even immoral behaviour would qualify under the test given by Kant' and that there no formulation of a universal set of duties .Thus Hegel's criticism of Kant largely concerns Kant's so called formalism as has been discussed by Julian. Before discussing Hegel's critique of Kant it would be useful to explain the ideas of Kant who expresses interest in the relationship between reason and experience. For Kant knowledge begins with experience in a rather chronological sense. For Kant empirical knowledge should be a "compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our faculty of cognition supplies from itself". And that reason should become the tool that isolates knowledge from everything empirical from it. Julian has pointed out that Hegel believes that Kant’s idea of a duty does not produce an â€Å"immanent list of duties;†. To be fair this is not one of Kant's objectives at all and it can be safely said that Hegel is missing the point of Kant’s claim, because devising such a list is not possible at all due to people’s differing notions of what morality or duties should be like.In this regard I would like to give the example of local conventions in certain areas. The notion of hospitality in Asian countries allows anyone to be welcome in another’s house and there is hardly any concept of â€Å"unauthorized entrance† as in the case of western countries.

Broadway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Broadway - Essay Example Peter Stuyvesant in 1658 named the foremost lined street in New York and had to be constructed by the residence of Brouwer Street. The objective of the Dutch is to trade in New Amsterdam and also take importance of the rivers bounded by the city; similar method is disclosed with the territory of New York’s transport production that will be set up two centuries to come. The lesser part is recognized of being a center of Jewish culture. The ruins of the area’s Jewish inheritance exist in business streets of home to most Yiddish theatre production near the beginning of 20th century. The East Village’s Hester, Grand, and Essex next to Allen are also part of the region. Down town Next Street on the lesser East part is populated by the Poles and Japanese markets. There is also a secluded population of Bangladeshis and immigrants from Muslim nation most of whom are congregants of little Mosque found on first Avenue. The neighborhood presents many synagogues’ like Beth Hamedras Hagadol and kehila kedosha Janina. The Chinese people have also marked on the lesser side in the recent decades. If you look at the avenue patterns of cities, you will frequently see the way the city has grown over time. Theres a characteristic prototype to unexpected city growth approximately indistinguishable to the fast growing of the glass shell on ceramic objects as it contracts. These correspond to the customary period. Present is a stage of rectangular grids obviously an image for modernization. Nowadays we observe the plant-like branching of cul-de-sacs, the post-modern direct opposite of modernization, where the perfect would be to have no from first to last streets at all. I have an improved interior record and I am grateful for the city as I have never before. It may be ever altering and modernizing and yet in the old times what mattered was if an individual knows how to find it in its streets, infrastructures and neighborhoods. These may include: Delancy which was a

Employee Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Employee Relations - Case Study Example These items pass through their network of 70 mail centers, 8 regional distribution centers and3,000 delivery offices. Then the fleet of over 30,000 red vehicles and 33,000 bicycles help them to deliver these items to their final destinations or recipients. Employment relationship or industrial relations particularly refers to the legal relationship between the employer and the employee. Thus it's obvious that employment relationship creates a set of reciprocal rights and corresponding obligations on the part of the employer and the employee (Darlington, 2009). A healthy relationship between employers and employees is a very important factor in the efficiency and the success of any organization. When considering the labor relations and disputes, a small conflict between the above parties can be a serious issue and it can turn the entire business into bankruptcy if both parties do not negotiate with each other and find solutions quickly and effectively. This is due to the fact that the bargaining power of individuals or trade unions is unlimited. So it is necessary to have a stable policy and procedure for the effective execution of employee relations, especially regarding the labor disputes (Bennett, 1999). Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) is the governing body and the facilitator of employee relations and conflict issues in... The employees are demanding high wages to make adjustments to their living costs against inflation in the economy by giving various reasons to justify the issue, such as higher operating cost in the organization due to a lack of experience and the commitment of the executives. And they know the importance of the organization and its existence in order to serve the people in the country. They feel that there is a negative attitude towards the employees on the part of the administrative officers. They further argue that the high wages of Royal Mail's chief executive officers is one of the reasons for their woes. The employees feel that there is a huge discrimination in wage levels between and among executives and the workers.There are various bargaining positions adopted by the employees, such as distributive bargaining and classic bargaining. In all these positions are adopted in order to secure increases in the wage level of the employees, reduce the work hours and get approvals for medical leaves. Yet another type of bargaining is the integrative bargaining that includes raising health and safety of the employees to improve the quality of life of employees. Intra-organizational bargaining is concerned with the matters relating to internal problems such as wastage, long working hours etc. If employees are not confident that the authorities are not considering their bargaining issues they might possibly go for the union tactics to redress their grievances. Slowdowns of the operations, stoppages and even outright strikes are staged by them to win over rights. If the employees feel first two tactics are not going to work they might conduct a public strike as

Comparing heat loss between a single test tube Essay Example for Free

Comparing heat loss between a single test tube Essay I aim to prove whether heat loss is reduced by huddling test tubes, as opposed to the heat loss of a single test tube, which is more exposed to the air. Background Information Controls Variables The number of test tubes. Time taken to carry out the experiment. The number of thermometers. Starting temperature. Amount of water added to each test tube. Final temperature. 15 readings, which are repeated for an average. The number of elastic bands required supporting the huddle. The number of beakers and stands required supporting the test tubes. Prediction I predict that the single test tube is more exothermic than the test tubes in the huddle. This is because, by huddling, a smaller surface area of the test tubes is exposed to the air. Thus, less heat is given off. Heat can be lost in various ways. However, by huddling the test tubes, heat loss via convection and radiation can be reduced. Examples where huddling is vital for survival occur in nature. As evidence that huddling is a learned response, animals like penguins and seals would die if they were not taught these basic skills. If my prediction is correct my graph should resemble the one shown below: Temp ( C) 70 35 0 15 Time (mins) Method To make comparisons between the temperature loss of a single test tube and the test tubes in a huddle, I required eight test tubes. First, I placed one test tube in a stand and gave it a thermometer. The remaining seven test tubes were held together by an elastic band and placed in a large beaker. A thermometer was then placed in the centre test tube of the huddle. Next, my teacher poured boiling water to the brim of each test tube. At this point, I started the stop-clock, reading each thermometer every minute for 15 minutes and recording the temperature in a results table. After documenting the final result, I refreshed the water in each test tube and repeated the experiment to record my second readings. Conclusion My results show that the test tubes in a huddle lost 24. 5 C and the single test tube lost 28 C. Thus the test tubes in a huddle restored 3. 5 C more than the single test tube. As a result the test concurs with my prediction, that the single test tube is more exothermic than the test tubes in the huddle. I also configured results to show the percentage change of the single test tube and the test tubes in a huddle. The percentage change for the single test tube was 33. 26% and 24. 809% for the test tubes in a huddle. The percentage change for the test tubes in a huddle was 8. 451% less than that of the single test tube. Thus indicating the single test tube has a higher percentage change. Evaluation. My investigation into the heat loss of a single test tube and test tubes in a huddle was successful as the results coincide with my prediction and predicted graph. Thus proving my results was correct. It was imperative that I made the experiment a fair test by complying with the following: The size of each test tube had to be the same. Â  The temperature of the single test tube and the test tubes in a huddle had to be the same before the experiment began. The amount of water added to each test tube had to be the same. Each result had to be recorded every minute. Â  The thermometers had to be kept still, inside the test tubes, at all times e. g. no picking up in order to read the temperature. This is so the temperature is not affected. To improve my investigation, I would accomplish the following: Â  By repeating the experiment more than twice, I can get more readings and thus improve my average results. This makes the experiment more accurate. Â  I can begin the experiment at higher temperatures. This will give me more varied results. Beginning the experiment at higher temperatures will also enable me to expand the time. Providing me with more results. By carrying out the same experiment in different temperatures, I can resolve how much the results are affected and make comparisons. Â  I could also cover the test tubes in different materials like cotton and foil to resolve whether they affect the temperature. Â  I can differ the water level in the single test tube compared to that of the test tubes in a huddle to determine whether the amount of water affects the results. Christopher Smith 5/7/2007.

Change Management in the Learning Organization Essay Example for Free

Change Management in the Learning Organization Essay In this paper I intend to discuss change management approaches that support the learning organization philosophy. The learning organization is defined as an organization that acquires knowledge and innovates fast enough to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing environment. Learning organizations (1) create a culture that encourages and supports continuous employee learning, critical thinking, and risk taking with new ideas, (2) allow mistakes, and value employee contributions, (3) learn from experience and experiment, and (4) disseminate the new knowledge throughout the organization for incorporation into day-to-day activities. On the other hand we have a process called change management which is defined as minimizing resistance to organizational change through involvement of key players and stakeholders. At my organization these two go hand in hand and it allows for us as a company to experience constant growth and development of our staff. Our employees are more willing to welcome change when we train them in the process. As businesses moves through the 21st century, they are becoming more dependent upon their managers to be change agents. These companies actually seek managers who can bring success to their organizations. Three of the characteristics we look for in our new managers are they must have the ability to stimulate change, excellent planning capabilities, and ethics. Over the years I have spent in management I have learned that success in  becoming a learning organization relies on a commitment to learning on the part of the organizations I have worked for and the willingness of the individuals involved to be receptive to the change process. As a manager, what we usually can change falls into basically three categories; people, structure, or technology. An efficient manager will make alterations in these areas in an attempt to facilitate change. With people the change involves adjusting attitudes, expectations, perceptions, and probably most importantly behavior. Coaching people to adjust in these areas will help employees within the organization to work together more effectively. Changing structure relates to the job design, specialization, hierarchy and any other structural variables. These usually need to be flexible and non-static in order to be adaptable to change. When dealing with technological change we are looking at modifying work processes and methods along with the introduction of new equipment. To me learning organizations support the change process just as much as change management supports the learning organization philosophy. I say that because every change calls for some sort of learning as the more comprehensive the change the more attention we have to place on learning for the individuals involved in the change. By utilizing the learning organizations philosophies companies including the one I work for are able to magnify the potential of its employees which keeps them growing. References www.businessdictionary.com www.morfconsulting.com Learning in action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work/ David A. Garvin

Reducing energy consumption in hospitality

Reducing energy consumption in hospitality Introduction In recent years the environmental issues and energy saving methods have become increasingly important towards tourism and hospitality industry. Hotel energy consumption depends on various factors such as geographical location, size, class, equipments, occupancy and age of facilities. In this report it includes the methods of reducing energy consumption in hotels at a management level, followed by current legislations towards controlling environmental issues, in addition it shows how the building design and structure of hotels can help with environmental issues. How energy consumption can be reduced on a management level In order to build up an efficient energy system the hotels should, re think, re-use, reduce, recycle, recover and rationalise the resources. In fact those practices should be followed in every single department throughout the organisation. Such as housekeeping, food and beverage, maintenance, room division, front office should participate individually towards energy consumption process. Below are the actions that should be taken, in order to build a healthy and energy efficient environment. Employees contribution One major step towards reducing energy consumption is to plan a staff awareness programme throughout every department, it is important because their daily contact with guests gives them the opportunity to increase the awareness of the guests. Include the environmental messages on gifts (such as mugs) to employees. Encourage staff to switch off lights and switch off unnecessary equipments (computers, air conditioners) when leaving staff rooms. Get staff ideas about energy conversation methods and environmental issues in staff meetings. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Allocate coordinators towards environmental activities. Allocate designated members of staff who will be responsible for daily monitoring water/gas/electricity consumption. Furthermore the hotel can fix separate consumption meters in each department in order to have a better view and control of energy. For an example, it should be daily practise with all employees of the hotel to switch off all lights when leaving an empty room. At the end of a working day, all unused office appliances should be turned off at mains and not to be left on standby. Furthermore providing computers, printers with a power down features can reduce 60% energy than regular electronic equipments. On top of that encourage staff to use emails where possible instead of printing. (www.businesslink.gov.uk) Gaining Guests contribution Send an environmental message with reservation conformation messages. When guest check-in and check-out take couple of minutes to educate the guest about the hotels environmental effort. Leaving placards in guest rooms can save the use of unnecessary energy. This can encourage the guests to reuse their towels and bed sheets. Bed sheets washed every day in thousand of hotels in this world millions of gallons of water, electricity and tons of detergent. Sheets are customarily changed between guests. If you feel that your sheets need to be changed daily, please leave this card on your pillow each morning. Housekeeping will be pleased to accommodate you. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELF Every day millions of gallons of water, electricity and tons of detergent is used to wash towels that have been used only once, A towel o the rack means Ill use it again, a towel o the floor or in the tub means please exchange. PLEASE DECIDE YOURSELF (www.greenhotels.com) Encourage the guest to switch off unnecessary electric items such as air conditioner, and use natural ventilation instead. Place recycle bins in guest rooms and hallways. Allow the guests to contribute an extra pound (Â £) towards a local environmental group. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Lightning efficiency By replacing the excising bulbs with low energy consumption ones (florescent light bulbs), offers savings in energy costs. On top of that those bulbs have a longer life span than the ordinary light bulbs. Fix light reflectors that direct more light into the room. Using motion detectors for public area lighting (lobby), staff rest rooms, walk-in cooers and storage area can keep the unnecessary lights switched off. (www.4hoteliers.com) Install photovoltaic lighting systems (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) for advertising signs, walkways, water fountains and remote outdoor areas. Use solar lamps in order to lighten the hotel garden area. Further by installing daylight sensors for garden area and other exterior lightning can save a massive load of energy consumption. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Use of Air conditioners (A/C) When the A/C competes with hot or cold air more energy is wasted. So do not cool more than necessary. Install timers and sensors in order reduce energy waste. Turn off the A/C when the weather is cooler. Close air gaps around doors and windows, and close all the unnecessary openings. Use higher energy efficiency rating equipments. Compare efficiency between gas and electric A/C equipments. Have the units checked yearly; spring is the best time before starting the heavy use in summer. Minimise the available heat sources (Below are methods to reduce heat sources) (My Ton.1996) Minimising heat sources Turn off lights and other heat producing sources that is not in use. Position heat producing sources such as lamps, television away from the thermostats. Cover windows (especially west and south facing) to reduce the heat Use window film to reduce the heat sources heading in to the rooms. Install timers and sensors for lights and other necessary electric equipments. (My Ton.1996) Reducing water consumption Provide Dual flush toilets to save water. Provide separate walk-in showers in order to encourage the guests to have a shower instead a bath; this saves both water and energy. Keep a good maintenance on the plumbing system, fix any drips as soon as possible (www.businesslink.gov.uk) Introduce dish washing machines and laundry machines which use final rinse water for prewash of next load. Use of a food thawing machine instead of running water for faster thawing. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Adapt the hotel water system to be able to re-use the water for gardening and other non-drinking purpose. (One Source.2009) Other general operations and actions By lowering the thermostat temperature by 2 degrees in the winter or raising it by 2 in the summer you will save a lot of energy. This is a technique used in many organisations in order to save without even noticing the change of temperature. (Keynote.2008) Review and update the hotels preventative maintenance in order to maintain standards which help the system to sustain the system efficiently. (www.gogreentravelgreen.com) Change all individual amenities in the guest bathrooms to automatic dispensers of eco-friendly products; these can be refilled upon usage. (www.4hoteliers.com) Re use the heat and steam of the kitchen and laundry to be re-used for public heating Calculate the energy usage and assess it against available industry benchmarks in terms of per guest night or CO2 (carbon dioxide) generated. (www.tourismpartnership.org) Below it shows actions taken by some of the hotels in United Kingdom, in order to be an eco friendly property. Derwentwater Hotel, Keswick has been following eco friendly prospectors and has been one of the greenest hotel in United Kingdom. They have introduced water saving measures, energy saving measures and waste reduction methods by gaining support from staff, guests and the local communities. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Also, Radisson Edinburgh has replaced their ordinary light bulbs to energy efficient lights at a cost of $2,307, as a result the first year savings were $27,889. (www.environmentalleader.com) this is a perfect example towards energy conservation, it clearly shows although it costs in order to take action, at the end of the process it save more than 10 times of the cost. According to environmental leader (2009) reports Hilton has announced their sustainability targets to reach by 2014, which includes the following, Reducing energy consumption from direct operations by 20 percent. Reducing CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by 20 percent. Reducing output of waste by 20 percent. Reducing water consumption by 10 percent. Hilton has already introduced carbon-free electricity in United Kingdom and Ireland, they say it reduce CO2 emission by more than 64,000 tons, or 56 percent of its carbon footprint. They also managed to reduce energy and water consumption by 10 percent over the last two years. According to economically sound reports Marriott hotels are planning to publish their environmental policies on the official website, and each hotel will list their eco friendly actions. They say this will encourage each hotel to discuss their specific environmental policies and share these with other individual hotels. This will encourage the whole hotel chain to be an environmental friendly property as an individual. How Structure and the design of hotels can help with environmental issues When planning the design and the structure of the building, the hotel can get help from government and private companies in order bring guidance and knowledge towards building an environmentally friendly building. In terms of design the following steps can be taken, Light or reflector roofs and exterior coatings can result an environment with a lower temperature. Planting shade trees on the south side helps to keep the building cooler in warm climates. Also it provides the guests an attractive and enjoyable environment. (my ton.1996) Install large windows and glass bricks in lobby and other public areas to maximise the use of natural light (www.businesslink.gov.uk) When designing guest rooms, installing thick curtains and carpets made with wool can retain the heat in order to conserve energy. Painting the walls in light colours (such as white, green) can help to reduce the temperature of the rooms. Also by installing reflective mirrors with reflective wall paint can facilitate natural lightning. Introduce water saving shower heads and sink faucet aerators, 2.5 gallons per minute (GPM) shower heads and 1.5 GPM aerators are recommended for water saving and guest satisfaction. Because less water flow showerheads causes guest complains. (Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996) Design of the building should allow space for recycling, which encourages staff and guests to contribute towards the process. Key card systems control lighting, heating and air coolers when room not in use. Because of Key cards the hotel can make sure there wont be any electricity waste on a vacant room. (www.4hoteliers.com) When positioning equipment such as refrigerators, in order to get the best performance should avoid it placing next to heat sources (cookers, Owen) Adopt a water system that reuses the water for non-drinking purposes such as gardening purposes. In terms of structure the following steps can be taken. Thermostat should not be installed nearby heaters and other heat producing equipments, because this may calculate the building temperature incorrectly and increase the energy costs. (www.carbontrust.co.uk) Installing double or triple glazed windows will protect the heat sources inside the building. Furthermore proper insulation throughout the building will reduce energy consumption. Installing solar energy system to retain heat from the sunlight and make it one and only source of energy for the hotel. Use of timing devices on thermostats will control the energy produced by the radiators. In fact fitting reflective material behind radiators can reduce energy consumption. (ww.4hoteliers.com) Placing gas, electricity and water meters in individual departments allows the organisation to examine energy consumption of each department which helps them to take actions on energy waste and provide necessary improvement. When designing the structure of the building it should be in a way that invites natural light and air in to the building. (www.archinode.com) A research done by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building rating system in United States have proved when designing the structure of the building use of steel superstructure is estimated environmental friendly than using concrete superstructures. Below it shows the negative impacts of concrete. A concrete superstructure would consume over three times more energy than a steel one. A concrete superstructure would consume almost six times as much as natural resources than a steel one. Production of a concrete superstructure would use more toxic than a steel superstructure. A concrete superstructure would produce over four times solid waste as a steel one. A steel superstructure is easier to recycle, producing more secondary useful product, than a concrete one. A concrete superstructure would pollute air over five times than a steel one. A steel superstructure would pollute water over three times than a concrete one. A concrete superstructure would contribute to global warming almost seven times more than a steel one. (www.archinode.com) Current legislations relating to environmental issues Environmental Protection Act 1990 Environment Act 1995 Environment Agency and Scottish Environment Protection Agency as the regulating bodies for contaminated land, abandoned mines, national parks, control of pollution, conservation of natural resources and conservation or enhancement of the environment.. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Energy conservation act 1996 This act was introduced to make provisions for energy conservations, future to to allow local authorities to implement a strategy to achieve improvement in energy efficiency (www.opsi.gov.uk) Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14 This act controls the methods of waste disposal with the Environment Agency or Scottish Environment Protection Agency and outlines the penalties (including seizure and disposal) for vehicles shown to have been used for illegal waste disposal. (www.statutelaw.gov.uk) Clean air act 1993 The clean air act authorizes the local councils to control domestic and industrial smoke and allows them to create smoke control areas in order to improve the local air quality. (www.netregs.gov.uk) Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 3538 Introduces a new system for environmental permits for industrial activities and waste operations in England and Wales, including landfill and waste incineration, and sets out the powers, functions and duties of the regulator. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Buildings Regulations 2000, SI 2531 Introduces requirements for builders to calculate and display energy ratings on new or altered buildings. (www.books.google.com) Eco Design for Energy-using Products Regulations 2007 SI 2037 This regulation establishes a framework for setting eco design requirements for energy-using products. (www.opsi.gov.uk) Water act 2003 This act was introduced to control the abstraction and impounding of water. It helps to protect the water resources throughout the country. (www.environment-agency.gov.uk) Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 SI 991 This regulation issues energy performance certificates (to maintain energy efficient standards) when buildings are constructed in order to rent out or sell. (www.communities.gov.uk) EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label Award Scheme 1980/2000 This is an award scheme towards eco-label to manufacturers who want to inform consumers about what they are doing to reduce the environmental impact of their products. (Eur-lex.europa.eu) List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895 This regulation provides the European Waste Catalogue list of codes used to classify wastes. (www.products.ihs.com) Conclusion Being an environmental friendly property means that they save electricity, water, reduce solid waste while saving money and creating a healthy environment to the guest, staff and the management. In order to become a green property the organisation should the gain contribution from every parties such as staff, guests, local communities, local councils and other environmental friendly organisation. As a result the organisation can gain respect towards the idea of conserving the environment. From a business point of view this allows them to differentiate their products from rivals and attract more guests. Being a green property will not only gain guest respect, they will overlook at the hotel over the rivals. Further, by being environmental friendly the organisation can reduce costs on energy, water and waste, the money saved can be re invested in future development, research and staff incentives. This concept also leads towards staff satisfaction by building a pleasant, relaxed environment to work. Once the hotel adapts to environmentally friendly practices it will gain marketing opportunities and support by local media (magazines, newspapers and television programs). Also it allows the hotel to gain financial support and expertise form government organisations who helps green concepts. Furthermore all these efforts give an opportunity to achieve rewards and awards from hospitality bodies which the organisation can be proud of. The most important fact of all this whole process is that, it will contribute to protect our one and only earth. Bibliography My ton.1996.Greening your property, green seal Georgia hospitality environmental partnaship.1996.Waste reduction in hotels and motels Top 10 tips for reducing waste and saving energy http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=ONEOFFPAGEitemId=1081838672 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] One Source information service (2009) Data monitor independent research. (British Library online database) Available from: http/globalbb,onesource.com/sharedscripts/reports/FetchAR.asp?process=cpDocID [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Keynote information service (2009) (British Library online database) http:/www.bl.uk/eresources/business/cd-busin.html#market. (Keynote) [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Tips and Tricks for Greening your Hotel Available from: http://gogreentravelgreen.com/green-hotels-green-accommodation/11-tips-and-tricks-for-greening-your-hotel-stay-25-days-to-green-travel-day-16/ [Accessed on: 13/03/2009] Tips and Tricks for Greening your Hotel Available from: http://www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=3229 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Steel VS Concrete Available from: http://www.archinode.com/lcasteel.html [accessed on: 12/03/2009] http://www.healthandsafety.co.uk/envas.htm [accessed on: 12/03/2009] Going green Available from: http://www.tourismpartnership.org/downloads/Going%20Green.pdf [20/08/2009] Hilton Sets Target Of 20% CO2 Reduction By 2014 Available from: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2008/06/05/hilton-sets-target-of-20-co2-reduction-by-2014/ [accessed on: 22/08/2009] Marriott To List Green Actions Of Individual Hotels Available from: http://www.economicallysound.com/marriott_speaks_green_soon.html [accessed on: 22/08/2009] Environmental Protection Act 1990 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/ukpga_19900043_en_1#Legislation-Preamble [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Environment act 1995 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/ukpga_19950025_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Environmental permitting regulations 2007 SI 3538 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20073538_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Building regulations 2000, SI 2531 Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ixzl0dw8LpICpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=building+regulations+2000,+si+2531source=blots=BkC1vCaLdSsig=HBUkP0oQmHzE5s5dq_RD0dwuvPYhl=enei=6mqNSpS3Kd6RjAeWiZHcDQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5#v=onepageq=building%20regulations%202000%2C%20si%202531f=false [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Energy Conservation Act 1996 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1996/Ukpga_19960038_en_1[accessed on: 20/08/2009] Eco design for energy-using products regulations 2007 SI 2037 Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2007/uksi_20072037_en_1 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989 c.14 Available from: http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+PrimaryPageNumber=36NavFrom=2parentActiveTextDocId=1349599ActiveTextDocId=1349599filesize=112837 [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Clean Air Act 1993 Available from: http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/legislation/current/107146.aspx [accessed on: 20/08/2009] Water act 2003 Available from: http://www.environmentagency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/water_act_leaflet_833646.pdf [accessed on: 20/08/2009] The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 (S.I. 2007/991) Available from: http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/planningandbuilding/energyperformance [accessed on: 20/08/2009] EU Regulation on a Revised Community Eco-Label Award Scheme 1980/2000 Available from: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:237:0001:0012:en:PDF [accessed on: 20/08/2009] List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 SI 895 Available from: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=List+of+Wastes+%28England%29+Regulations+2005+SI+895btnG=Searchmeta= [accessed on: 20/08/2009]

The Pathways of Pain Essay -- Medicine Medical Papers

The Pathways of Pain In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain (1). Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain was the responsibility of sorcerers, shamans, priests, and priestesses, who used herbs, rites, and ceremonies as their treatments. The Greeks and Romans were the first to advance a theory of sensation, the idea that the brain and nervous system have a role in producing the perception of pain. But it was not until the middle ages and well into the Renaissance-the 1400s and 1500s-that evidence began to accumulate in support of these theories. Leonardo da Vinci and his contemporaries came to believe that the brain was the central organ responsible for sensation. Da Vinci also developed the idea that the spinal cord transmits sensations to the brain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the study of the body and the senses continued to be a source of wonder for the world's philosophers. In 1664, the French philosopher Renà © Descartes described what to this day is still called a "pain pathway" (5). What prompted me to research about the various pain pathways was my grandmother's arthritis. She has suffered for many years with severe joint pain and in the past, has been treated with corticosteroids. Currently, she is taking Celebrex, (COX-2 inhibitor) which is a relatively new drug in the family of 'superaspirins'. What impressed... ...ds the promise of an even greater understanding of pain in the coming years. Their research offers a powerful weapon in the battle to prolong and improve the lives of people with pain: hope (1) . References 1)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ 2)American Pain Society http://www.ampainsoc.org/ 3)American Academy of Pain Management http://www.aapainmanage.org/ 4)PainNet.Inc http://www.pain.com/ 5)International Association for the Study of Pain http://www.halcyon.com/iasp 6)MayDay Pain Project, The. http://www.painandhealth.org/ 7)Pain Treatment: Janssen-Cilag Pharm. http://www.janssen-cilag.com/ 8)American Chronic Pain Organization http://www.theacpa.org/ 9)Rest Ministries Chronic Illness http://www.restministries.org/ 10)Worldwide Congress on Pain http://www.pain.com/ The Pathways of Pain Essay -- Medicine Medical Papers The Pathways of Pain In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain (1). Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain was the responsibility of sorcerers, shamans, priests, and priestesses, who used herbs, rites, and ceremonies as their treatments. The Greeks and Romans were the first to advance a theory of sensation, the idea that the brain and nervous system have a role in producing the perception of pain. But it was not until the middle ages and well into the Renaissance-the 1400s and 1500s-that evidence began to accumulate in support of these theories. Leonardo da Vinci and his contemporaries came to believe that the brain was the central organ responsible for sensation. Da Vinci also developed the idea that the spinal cord transmits sensations to the brain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the study of the body and the senses continued to be a source of wonder for the world's philosophers. In 1664, the French philosopher Renà © Descartes described what to this day is still called a "pain pathway" (5). What prompted me to research about the various pain pathways was my grandmother's arthritis. She has suffered for many years with severe joint pain and in the past, has been treated with corticosteroids. Currently, she is taking Celebrex, (COX-2 inhibitor) which is a relatively new drug in the family of 'superaspirins'. What impressed... ...ds the promise of an even greater understanding of pain in the coming years. Their research offers a powerful weapon in the battle to prolong and improve the lives of people with pain: hope (1) . References 1)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ 2)American Pain Society http://www.ampainsoc.org/ 3)American Academy of Pain Management http://www.aapainmanage.org/ 4)PainNet.Inc http://www.pain.com/ 5)International Association for the Study of Pain http://www.halcyon.com/iasp 6)MayDay Pain Project, The. http://www.painandhealth.org/ 7)Pain Treatment: Janssen-Cilag Pharm. http://www.janssen-cilag.com/ 8)American Chronic Pain Organization http://www.theacpa.org/ 9)Rest Ministries Chronic Illness http://www.restministries.org/ 10)Worldwide Congress on Pain http://www.pain.com/

J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace: Post-Apartheid South Africa Essay -- South Afr

Through the perspective of an unconventional college professor, J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace addresses the transition into post-apartheid South Africa, societal acceptance and rape through David Lurie and Lucy Lurie’s complex father-daughter relationship. While living in his daughter’s countryside home, David Lurie’s experiences reveal that despite the powerful political reform, crime continues to dominate the African people. Aspects of South African history are used to emphasize racial tension and the shift from a white to a black dominated South Africa. Coetzee also suggests the instability of the African society through constantly depicting his characters as emotionally unable to adapt to adverse situations. Although David and Lucy were initially introduced as polar opposites, their value of privacy and refusal to endure public humiliation and shame draw a parallel between the predator and prey of the novel. David Lurie ultimately evolves from his sexual en counters with Soraya, Melanie and Bev Shaw by realizing the traumatizing implications of his actions after the Lucy’s rape. J.M. Coetzee, a white South African writer, was strongly influenced by his personal experiences while he witnessed the social barriers during the apartheid. As the novel begins, Coetzee describes the sexual relationship between the protagonist David Lurie and Soraya, a prostitute that David routinely indulged in every Thursday. â€Å"For a man of his age, fifty- two, divorced, he has, to his mind, solved the problem of sex rather well† (Coetzee 1). In his mind, however, he did not put into perspective the thoughts of Soraya. He satisfied his desires at the expense of another’s emotional wellbeing. Despite Soraya’s acceptance of prostitution, her reaction towar... ...Originally, David uses his status as a white male in South Africa as his leverage and source of power, however, this tactic quickly fails and causes him to seek a new lifestyle. Lucy’s farm life introduces David not only to natural beauties but the strength people have to provide the services that they do such as managing a last resort animal aid center. By the end of his experiences, he learns that he does not belong in the environment that he used to surround himself with in the city, but that he enjoys himself when he has the company of animals and his daughter. His shift in standards of living and customs demonstrates the racial impacts of the apartheid. The connection between Lucy’s disgrace as the victim and David’s shame as the rapist demonstrates hardships both flaws. Each aspect of these flaws represents the difficulties of the apartheid in South Africa.